Animated particlespawners and more (#11545)

Co-authored-by: Lars Mueller <appgurulars@gmx.de>
Co-authored-by: sfan5 <sfan5@live.de>
Co-authored-by: Dmitry Kostenko <codeforsmile@gmail.com>

1 files changed, 365 insertions, 77 deletions

diff --git a/src/client/particles.cpp b/src/client/particles.cpp
index 288826a5f..a1de1bb98 100644
--- a/src/client/particles.cpp
+++ b/src/client/particles.cpp
@@ -34,23 +34,6 @@ with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 #include "settings.h"
 
 /*
-	Utility
-*/
-
-static f32 random_f32(f32 min, f32 max)
-{
-	return rand() / (float)RAND_MAX * (max - min) + min;
-}
-
-static v3f random_v3f(v3f min, v3f max)
-{
-	return v3f(
-		random_f32(min.X, max.X),
-		random_f32(min.Y, max.Y),
-		random_f32(min.Z, max.Z));
-}
-
-/*
 	Particle
 */
 
@@ -59,25 +42,71 @@ Particle::Particle(
 	LocalPlayer *player,
 	ClientEnvironment *env,
 	const ParticleParameters &p,
-	video::ITexture *texture,
+	const ClientTexRef& texture,
 	v2f texpos,
 	v2f texsize,
 	video::SColor color
 ):
 	scene::ISceneNode(((Client *)gamedef)->getSceneManager()->getRootSceneNode(),
-		((Client *)gamedef)->getSceneManager())
+		((Client *)gamedef)->getSceneManager()),
+	m_texture(texture)
 {
 	// Misc
 	m_gamedef = gamedef;
 	m_env = env;
 
+	// translate blend modes to GL blend functions
+	video::E_BLEND_FACTOR bfsrc, bfdst;
+	video::E_BLEND_OPERATION blendop;
+	const auto blendmode = texture.tex != nullptr
+			? texture.tex -> blendmode
+			: ParticleParamTypes::BlendMode::alpha;
+
+	switch (blendmode) {
+		case ParticleParamTypes::BlendMode::alpha:
+			bfsrc = video::EBF_SRC_ALPHA;
+			bfdst = video::EBF_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
+			blendop = video::EBO_ADD;
+		break;
+
+		case ParticleParamTypes::BlendMode::add:
+			bfsrc = video::EBF_SRC_ALPHA;
+			bfdst = video::EBF_DST_ALPHA;
+			blendop = video::EBO_ADD;
+		break;
+
+		case ParticleParamTypes::BlendMode::sub:
+			bfsrc = video::EBF_SRC_ALPHA;
+			bfdst = video::EBF_DST_ALPHA;
+			blendop = video::EBO_REVSUBTRACT;
+		break;
+
+		case ParticleParamTypes::BlendMode::screen:
+			bfsrc = video::EBF_ONE;
+			bfdst = video::EBF_ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR;
+			blendop = video::EBO_ADD;
+		break;
+
+		default: assert(false);
+	}
+
 	// Texture
 	m_material.setFlag(video::EMF_LIGHTING, false);
 	m_material.setFlag(video::EMF_BACK_FACE_CULLING, false);
 	m_material.setFlag(video::EMF_BILINEAR_FILTER, false);
 	m_material.setFlag(video::EMF_FOG_ENABLE, true);
-	m_material.MaterialType = video::EMT_TRANSPARENT_ALPHA_CHANNEL;
-	m_material.setTexture(0, texture);
+
+	// correctly render layered transparent particles -- see #10398
+	m_material.setFlag(video::EMF_ZWRITE_ENABLE, true);
+
+	// enable alpha blending and set blend mode
+	m_material.MaterialType = video::EMT_ONETEXTURE_BLEND;
+	m_material.MaterialTypeParam = video::pack_textureBlendFunc(
+			bfsrc, bfdst,
+			video::EMFN_MODULATE_1X,
+			video::EAS_TEXTURE | video::EAS_VERTEX_COLOR);
+	m_material.BlendOperation = blendop;
+	m_material.setTexture(0, m_texture.ref);
 	m_texpos = texpos;
 	m_texsize = texsize;
 	m_animation = p.animation;
@@ -90,6 +119,9 @@ Particle::Particle(
 	m_pos = p.pos;
 	m_velocity = p.vel;
 	m_acceleration = p.acc;
+	m_drag = p.drag;
+	m_jitter = p.jitter;
+	m_bounce = p.bounce;
 	m_expiration = p.expirationtime;
 	m_player = player;
 	m_size = p.size;
@@ -98,6 +130,8 @@ Particle::Particle(
 	m_object_collision = p.object_collision;
 	m_vertical = p.vertical;
 	m_glow = p.glow;
+	m_alpha = 0;
+	m_parent = nullptr;
 
 	// Irrlicht stuff
 	const float c = p.size / 2;
@@ -111,6 +145,14 @@ Particle::Particle(
 	updateVertices();
 }
 
+Particle::~Particle()
+{
+	/* if our textures aren't owned by a particlespawner, we need to clean
+	 * them up ourselves when the particle dies */
+	if (m_parent == nullptr)
+		delete m_texture.tex;
+}
+
 void Particle::OnRegisterSceneNode()
 {
 	if (IsVisible)
@@ -134,6 +176,12 @@ void Particle::render()
 void Particle::step(float dtime)
 {
 	m_time += dtime;
+
+	// apply drag (not handled by collisionMoveSimple) and brownian motion
+	v3f av = vecAbsolute(m_velocity);
+	av -= av * (m_drag * dtime);
+	m_velocity = av*vecSign(m_velocity) + v3f(m_jitter.pickWithin())*dtime;
+
 	if (m_collisiondetection) {
 		aabb3f box = m_collisionbox;
 		v3f p_pos = m_pos * BS;
@@ -141,17 +189,41 @@ void Particle::step(float dtime)
 		collisionMoveResult r = collisionMoveSimple(m_env, m_gamedef, BS * 0.5f,
 			box, 0.0f, dtime, &p_pos, &p_velocity, m_acceleration * BS, nullptr,
 			m_object_collision);
-		if (m_collision_removal && r.collides) {
-			// force expiration of the particle
-			m_expiration = -1.0;
+
+		f32 bounciness = m_bounce.pickWithin();
+		if (r.collides && (m_collision_removal || bounciness > 0)) {
+			if (m_collision_removal) {
+				// force expiration of the particle
+				m_expiration = -1.0f;
+			} else if (bounciness > 0) {
+				/* cheap way to get a decent bounce effect is to only invert the
+				 * largest component of the velocity vector, so e.g. you don't
+				 * have a rock immediately bounce back in your face when you try
+				 * to skip it across the water (as would happen if we simply
+				 * downscaled and negated the velocity vector). this means
+				 * bounciness will work properly for cubic objects, but meshes
+				 * with diagonal angles and entities will not yield the correct
+				 * visual. this is probably unavoidable */
+				if (av.Y > av.X && av.Y > av.Z) {
+					m_velocity.Y = -(m_velocity.Y * bounciness);
+				} else if (av.X > av.Y && av.X > av.Z) {
+					m_velocity.X = -(m_velocity.X * bounciness);
+				} else if (av.Z > av.Y && av.Z > av.X) {
+					m_velocity.Z = -(m_velocity.Z * bounciness);
+				} else { // well now we're in a bit of a pickle
+					m_velocity = -(m_velocity * bounciness);
+				}
+			}
 		} else {
-			m_pos = p_pos / BS;
 			m_velocity = p_velocity / BS;
 		}
+		m_pos = p_pos / BS;
 	} else {
+		// apply acceleration
 		m_velocity += m_acceleration * dtime;
 		m_pos += m_velocity * dtime;
 	}
+
 	if (m_animation.type != TAT_NONE) {
 		m_animation_time += dtime;
 		int frame_length_i, frame_count;
@@ -165,11 +237,21 @@ void Particle::step(float dtime)
 		}
 	}
 
+	// animate particle alpha in accordance with settings
+	if (m_texture.tex != nullptr)
+		m_alpha = m_texture.tex -> alpha.blend(m_time / (m_expiration+0.1f));
+	else
+		m_alpha = 1.f;
+
 	// Update lighting
 	updateLight();
 
 	// Update model
 	updateVertices();
+
+	// Update position -- see #10398
+	v3s16 camera_offset = m_env->getCameraOffset();
+	setPosition(m_pos*BS - intToFloat(camera_offset, BS));
 }
 
 void Particle::updateLight()
@@ -189,7 +271,7 @@ void Particle::updateLight()
 		light = blend_light(m_env->getDayNightRatio(), LIGHT_SUN, 0);
 
 	u8 m_light = decode_light(light + m_glow);
-	m_color.set(255,
+	m_color.set(m_alpha*255,
 		m_light * m_base_color.getRed() / 255,
 		m_light * m_base_color.getGreen() / 255,
 		m_light * m_base_color.getBlue() / 255);
@@ -198,6 +280,12 @@ void Particle::updateLight()
 void Particle::updateVertices()
 {
 	f32 tx0, tx1, ty0, ty1;
+	v2f scale;
+
+	if (m_texture.tex != nullptr)
+		scale = m_texture.tex -> scale.blend(m_time / (m_expiration+0.1));
+	else
+		scale = v2f(1.f, 1.f);
 
 	if (m_animation.type != TAT_NONE) {
 		const v2u32 texsize = m_material.getTexture(0)->getSize();
@@ -218,16 +306,24 @@ void Particle::updateVertices()
 		ty1 = m_texpos.Y + m_texsize.Y;
 	}
 
-	m_vertices[0] = video::S3DVertex(-m_size / 2, -m_size / 2,
+	auto half = m_size * .5f,
+	     hx   = half * scale.X,
+	     hy   = half * scale.Y;
+	m_vertices[0] = video::S3DVertex(-hx, -hy,
 		0, 0, 0, 0, m_color, tx0, ty1);
-	m_vertices[1] = video::S3DVertex(m_size / 2, -m_size / 2,
+	m_vertices[1] = video::S3DVertex(hx, -hy,
 		0, 0, 0, 0, m_color, tx1, ty1);
-	m_vertices[2] = video::S3DVertex(m_size / 2, m_size / 2,
+	m_vertices[2] = video::S3DVertex(hx, hy,
 		0, 0, 0, 0, m_color, tx1, ty0);
-	m_vertices[3] = video::S3DVertex(-m_size / 2, m_size / 2,
+	m_vertices[3] = video::S3DVertex(-hx, hy,
 		0, 0, 0, 0, m_color, tx0, ty0);
 
-	v3s16 camera_offset = m_env->getCameraOffset();
+
+	// see #10398
+	// v3s16 camera_offset = m_env->getCameraOffset();
+	// particle position is now handled by step()
+	m_box.reset(v3f());
+
 	for (video::S3DVertex &vertex : m_vertices) {
 		if (m_vertical) {
 			v3f ppos = m_player->getPosition()/BS;
@@ -238,7 +334,6 @@ void Particle::updateVertices()
 			vertex.Pos.rotateXZBy(m_player->getYaw());
 		}
 		m_box.addInternalPoint(vertex.Pos);
-		vertex.Pos += m_pos*BS - intToFloat(camera_offset, BS);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -251,7 +346,8 @@ ParticleSpawner::ParticleSpawner(
 	LocalPlayer *player,
 	const ParticleSpawnerParameters &p,
 	u16 attached_id,
-	video::ITexture *texture,
+	std::unique_ptr<ClientTexture[]>& texpool,
+	size_t texcount,
 	ParticleManager *p_manager
 ):
 	m_particlemanager(p_manager), p(p)
@@ -259,21 +355,66 @@ ParticleSpawner::ParticleSpawner(
 	m_gamedef = gamedef;
 	m_player = player;
 	m_attached_id = attached_id;
-	m_texture = texture;
+	m_texpool = std::move(texpool);
+	m_texcount = texcount;
 	m_time = 0;
+	m_active = 0;
+	m_dying = false;
 
 	m_spawntimes.reserve(p.amount + 1);
 	for (u16 i = 0; i <= p.amount; i++) {
-		float spawntime = rand() / (float)RAND_MAX * p.time;
+		float spawntime = myrand_float() * p.time;
 		m_spawntimes.push_back(spawntime);
 	}
+
+	size_t max_particles = 0; // maximum number of particles likely to be visible at any given time
+	if (p.time != 0) {
+		auto maxGenerations = p.time / std::min(p.exptime.start.min, p.exptime.end.min);
+		max_particles = p.amount / maxGenerations;
+	} else {
+		auto longestLife = std::max(p.exptime.start.max, p.exptime.end.max);
+		max_particles = p.amount * longestLife;
+	}
+
+	p_manager->reserveParticleSpace(max_particles * 1.2);
+}
+
+namespace {
+	GenericCAO *findObjectByID(ClientEnvironment *env, u16 id) {
+		if (id == 0)
+			return nullptr;
+		return env->getGenericCAO(id);
+	}
 }
 
 void ParticleSpawner::spawnParticle(ClientEnvironment *env, float radius,
 	const core::matrix4 *attached_absolute_pos_rot_matrix)
 {
+	float fac = 0;
+	if (p.time != 0) { // ensure safety from divide-by-zeroes
+		fac = m_time / (p.time+0.1f);
+	}
+
+	auto r_pos = p.pos.blend(fac);
+	auto r_vel = p.vel.blend(fac);
+	auto r_acc = p.acc.blend(fac);
+	auto r_drag = p.drag.blend(fac);
+	auto r_radius = p.radius.blend(fac);
+	auto r_jitter = p.jitter.blend(fac);
+	auto r_bounce = p.bounce.blend(fac);
+	v3f  attractor_origin = p.attractor_origin.blend(fac);
+	v3f  attractor_direction = p.attractor_direction.blend(fac);
+	auto attractor_obj       = findObjectByID(env, p.attractor_attachment);
+	auto attractor_direction_obj = findObjectByID(env, p.attractor_direction_attachment);
+
+	auto r_exp = p.exptime.blend(fac);
+	auto r_size = p.size.blend(fac);
+	auto r_attract = p.attract.blend(fac);
+	auto attract = r_attract.pickWithin();
+
 	v3f ppos = m_player->getPosition() / BS;
-	v3f pos = random_v3f(p.minpos, p.maxpos);
+	v3f pos = r_pos.pickWithin();
+	v3f sphere_radius = r_radius.pickWithin();
 
 	// Need to apply this first or the following check
 	// will be wrong for attached spawners
@@ -287,15 +428,18 @@ void ParticleSpawner::spawnParticle(ClientEnvironment *env, float radius,
 		pos.Z += camera_offset.Z;
 	}
 
-	if (pos.getDistanceFrom(ppos) > radius)
+	if (pos.getDistanceFromSQ(ppos) > radius*radius)
 		return;
 
 	// Parameters for the single particle we're about to spawn
 	ParticleParameters pp;
 	pp.pos = pos;
 
-	pp.vel = random_v3f(p.minvel, p.maxvel);
-	pp.acc = random_v3f(p.minacc, p.maxacc);
+	pp.vel = r_vel.pickWithin();
+	pp.acc = r_acc.pickWithin();
+	pp.drag = r_drag.pickWithin();
+	pp.jitter = r_jitter;
+	pp.bounce = r_bounce;
 
 	if (attached_absolute_pos_rot_matrix) {
 		// Apply attachment rotation
@@ -303,30 +447,137 @@ void ParticleSpawner::spawnParticle(ClientEnvironment *env, float radius,
 		attached_absolute_pos_rot_matrix->rotateVect(pp.acc);
 	}
 
-	pp.expirationtime = random_f32(p.minexptime, p.maxexptime);
+	if (attractor_obj)
+		attractor_origin += attractor_obj->getPosition() / BS;
+	if (attractor_direction_obj) {
+		auto *attractor_absolute_pos_rot_matrix = attractor_direction_obj->getAbsolutePosRotMatrix();
+		if (attractor_absolute_pos_rot_matrix)
+			attractor_absolute_pos_rot_matrix->rotateVect(attractor_direction);
+	}
+
+	pp.expirationtime = r_exp.pickWithin();
+
+	if (sphere_radius != v3f()) {
+		f32 l = sphere_radius.getLength();
+		v3f mag = sphere_radius;
+		mag.normalize();
+
+		v3f ofs = v3f(l,0,0);
+		ofs.rotateXZBy(myrand_range(0.f,360.f));
+		ofs.rotateYZBy(myrand_range(0.f,360.f));
+		ofs.rotateXYBy(myrand_range(0.f,360.f));
+
+		pp.pos += ofs * mag;
+	}
+
+	if (p.attractor_kind != ParticleParamTypes::AttractorKind::none && attract != 0) {
+		v3f dir;
+		f32 dist = 0; /* =0 necessary to silence warning */
+		switch (p.attractor_kind) {
+			case ParticleParamTypes::AttractorKind::none:
+				break;
+
+			case ParticleParamTypes::AttractorKind::point: {
+				dist = pp.pos.getDistanceFrom(attractor_origin);
+				dir = pp.pos - attractor_origin;
+				dir.normalize();
+				break;
+			}
+
+			case ParticleParamTypes::AttractorKind::line: {
+				// https://github.com/minetest/minetest/issues/11505#issuecomment-915612700
+				const auto& lorigin = attractor_origin;
+				v3f ldir = attractor_direction;
+				ldir.normalize();
+				auto origin_to_point = pp.pos - lorigin;
+				auto scalar_projection = origin_to_point.dotProduct(ldir);
+				auto point_on_line = lorigin + (ldir * scalar_projection);
+
+				dist = pp.pos.getDistanceFrom(point_on_line);
+				dir = (point_on_line - pp.pos);
+				dir.normalize();
+				dir *= -1; // flip it around so strength=1 attracts, not repulses
+				break;
+			}
+
+			case ParticleParamTypes::AttractorKind::plane: {
+				// https://github.com/minetest/minetest/issues/11505#issuecomment-915612700
+				const v3f& porigin = attractor_origin;
+				v3f normal = attractor_direction;
+				normal.normalize();
+				v3f point_to_origin = porigin - pp.pos;
+				f32 factor = normal.dotProduct(point_to_origin);
+				if (numericAbsolute(factor) == 0.0f) {
+					dir = normal;
+				} else {
+					factor = numericSign(factor);
+					dir = normal * factor;
+				}
+				dist = numericAbsolute(normal.dotProduct(pp.pos - porigin));
+				dir *= -1; // flip it around so strength=1 attracts, not repulses
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		f32 speedTowards = numericAbsolute(attract) * dist;
+		v3f avel = dir * speedTowards;
+		if (attract > 0 && speedTowards > 0) {
+			avel *= -1;
+			if (p.attractor_kill) {
+				// make sure the particle dies after crossing the attractor threshold
+				f32 timeToCenter = dist / speedTowards;
+				if (timeToCenter < pp.expirationtime)
+					pp.expirationtime = timeToCenter;
+			}
+		}
+		pp.vel += avel;
+	}
+
 	p.copyCommon(pp);
 
-	video::ITexture *texture;
+	ClientTexRef texture;
 	v2f texpos, texsize;
 	video::SColor color(0xFFFFFFFF);
 
 	if (p.node.getContent() != CONTENT_IGNORE) {
 		const ContentFeatures &f =
 			m_particlemanager->m_env->getGameDef()->ndef()->get(p.node);
-		if (!ParticleManager::getNodeParticleParams(p.node, f, pp, &texture,
+		if (!ParticleManager::getNodeParticleParams(p.node, f, pp, &texture.ref,
 				texpos, texsize, &color, p.node_tile))
 			return;
 	} else {
-		texture = m_texture;
+		if (m_texcount == 0)
+			return;
+		texture = decltype(texture)(m_texpool[m_texcount == 1 ? 0 : myrand_range(0,m_texcount-1)]);
 		texpos = v2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
 		texsize = v2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
+		if (texture.tex->animated)
+			pp.animation = texture.tex->animation;
+	}
+
+	// synchronize animation length with particle life if desired
+	if (pp.animation.type != TAT_NONE) {
+		if (pp.animation.type == TAT_VERTICAL_FRAMES &&
+			pp.animation.vertical_frames.length < 0) {
+			auto& a = pp.animation.vertical_frames;
+			// we add a tiny extra value to prevent the first frame
+			// from flickering back on just before the particle dies
+			a.length = (pp.expirationtime / -a.length) + 0.1;
+		} else if (pp.animation.type == TAT_SHEET_2D &&
+				   pp.animation.sheet_2d.frame_length < 0) {
+			auto& a = pp.animation.sheet_2d;
+			auto frames = a.frames_w * a.frames_h;
+			auto runtime = (pp.expirationtime / -a.frame_length) + 0.1;
+			pp.animation.sheet_2d.frame_length = frames / runtime;
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Allow keeping default random size
-	if (p.maxsize > 0.0f)
-		pp.size = random_f32(p.minsize, p.maxsize);
+	if (p.size.start.max > 0.0f || p.size.end.max > 0.0f)
+		pp.size = r_size.pickWithin();
 
-	m_particlemanager->addParticle(new Particle(
+	++m_active;
+	auto pa = new Particle(
 		m_gamedef,
 		m_player,
 		env,
@@ -335,7 +586,9 @@ void ParticleSpawner::spawnParticle(ClientEnvironment *env, float radius,
 		texpos,
 		texsize,
 		color
-	));
+	);
+	pa->m_parent = this;
+	m_particlemanager->addParticle(pa);
 }
 
 void ParticleSpawner::step(float dtime, ClientEnvironment *env)
@@ -348,7 +601,7 @@ void ParticleSpawner::step(float dtime, ClientEnvironment *env)
 	bool unloaded = false;
 	const core::matrix4 *attached_absolute_pos_rot_matrix = nullptr;
 	if (m_attached_id) {
-		if (GenericCAO *attached = dynamic_cast<GenericCAO *>(env->getActiveObject(m_attached_id))) {
+		if (GenericCAO *attached = env->getGenericCAO(m_attached_id)) {
 			attached_absolute_pos_rot_matrix = attached->getAbsolutePosRotMatrix();
 		} else {
 			unloaded = true;
@@ -379,7 +632,7 @@ void ParticleSpawner::step(float dtime, ClientEnvironment *env)
 			return;
 
 		for (int i = 0; i <= p.amount; i++) {
-			if (rand() / (float)RAND_MAX < dtime)
+			if (myrand_float() < dtime)
 				spawnParticle(env, radius, attached_absolute_pos_rot_matrix);
 		}
 	}
@@ -408,9 +661,15 @@ void ParticleManager::stepSpawners(float dtime)
 {
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_spawner_list_lock);
 	for (auto i = m_particle_spawners.begin(); i != m_particle_spawners.end();) {
-		if (i->second->get_expired()) {
-			delete i->second;
-			m_particle_spawners.erase(i++);
+		if (i->second->getExpired()) {
+			// the particlespawner owns the textures, so we need to make
+			// sure there are no active particles before we free it
+			if (i->second->m_active == 0) {
+				delete i->second;
+				m_particle_spawners.erase(i++);
+			} else {
+				++i;
+			}
 		} else {
 			i->second->step(dtime, m_env);
 			++i;
@@ -423,6 +682,10 @@ void ParticleManager::stepParticles(float dtime)
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_particle_list_lock);
 	for (auto i = m_particles.begin(); i != m_particles.end();) {
 		if ((*i)->get_expired()) {
+			if ((*i)->m_parent) {
+				assert((*i)->m_parent->m_active != 0);
+				--(*i)->m_parent->m_active;
+			}
 			(*i)->remove();
 			delete *i;
 			i = m_particles.erase(i);
@@ -464,13 +727,29 @@ void ParticleManager::handleParticleEvent(ClientEvent *event, Client *client,
 
 			const ParticleSpawnerParameters &p = *event->add_particlespawner.p;
 
-			video::ITexture *texture =
-				client->tsrc()->getTextureForMesh(p.texture);
+			// texture pool
+			std::unique_ptr<ClientTexture[]> texpool = nullptr;
+			size_t txpsz = 0;
+			if (!p.texpool.empty()) {
+				txpsz = p.texpool.size();
+				texpool = decltype(texpool)(new ClientTexture [txpsz]);
+
+				for (size_t i = 0; i < txpsz; ++i) {
+					texpool[i] = ClientTexture(p.texpool[i], client->tsrc());
+				}
+			} else {
+				// no texpool in use, use fallback texture
+				txpsz = 1;
+				texpool = decltype(texpool)(new ClientTexture[1] {
+					ClientTexture(p.texture, client->tsrc())
+				});
+			}
 
 			auto toadd = new ParticleSpawner(client, player,
 					p,
 					event->add_particlespawner.attached_id,
-					texture,
+					texpool,
+					txpsz,
 					this);
 
 			addParticleSpawner(event->add_particlespawner.id, toadd);
@@ -481,7 +760,7 @@ void ParticleManager::handleParticleEvent(ClientEvent *event, Client *client,
 		case CE_SPAWN_PARTICLE: {
 			ParticleParameters &p = *event->spawn_particle;
 
-			video::ITexture *texture;
+			ClientTexRef texture;
 			v2f texpos, texsize;
 			video::SColor color(0xFFFFFFFF);
 
@@ -489,11 +768,15 @@ void ParticleManager::handleParticleEvent(ClientEvent *event, Client *client,
 
 			if (p.node.getContent() != CONTENT_IGNORE) {
 				const ContentFeatures &f = m_env->getGameDef()->ndef()->get(p.node);
-				if (!getNodeParticleParams(p.node, f, p, &texture, texpos,
-						texsize, &color, p.node_tile))
-					texture = nullptr;
+				getNodeParticleParams(p.node, f, p, &texture.ref, texpos,
+						texsize, &color, p.node_tile);
 			} else {
-				texture = client->tsrc()->getTextureForMesh(p.texture);
+				/* with no particlespawner to own the texture, we need
+				 * to save it on the heap. it will be freed when the
+				 * particle is destroyed */
+				auto texstore = new ClientTexture(p.texture, client->tsrc());
+
+				texture = ClientTexRef(*texstore);
 				texpos = v2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
 				texsize = v2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
 			}
@@ -502,7 +785,7 @@ void ParticleManager::handleParticleEvent(ClientEvent *event, Client *client,
 			if (oldsize > 0.0f)
 				p.size = oldsize;
 
-			if (texture) {
+			if (texture.ref) {
 				Particle *toadd = new Particle(client, player, m_env,
 						p, texture, texpos, texsize, color);
 
@@ -529,7 +812,7 @@ bool ParticleManager::getNodeParticleParams(const MapNode &n,
 	if (tilenum > 0 && tilenum <= 6)
 		texid = tilenum - 1;
 	else
-		texid = rand() % 6;
+		texid = myrand_range(0,5);
 	const TileLayer &tile = f.tiles[texid].layers[0];
 	p.animation.type = TAT_NONE;
 
@@ -539,13 +822,13 @@ bool ParticleManager::getNodeParticleParams(const MapNode &n,
 	else
 		*texture = tile.texture;
 
-	float size = (rand() % 8) / 64.0f;
+	float size = (myrand_range(0,8)) / 64.0f;
 	p.size = BS * size;
 	if (tile.scale)
 		size /= tile.scale;
 	texsize = v2f(size * 2.0f, size * 2.0f);
-	texpos.X = (rand() % 64) / 64.0f - texsize.X;
-	texpos.Y = (rand() % 64) / 64.0f - texsize.Y;
+	texpos.X = (myrand_range(0,64)) / 64.0f - texsize.X;
+	texpos.Y = (myrand_range(0,64)) / 64.0f - texsize.Y;
 
 	if (tile.has_color)
 		*color = tile.color;
@@ -577,20 +860,20 @@ void ParticleManager::addNodeParticle(IGameDef *gamedef,
 	LocalPlayer *player, v3s16 pos, const MapNode &n, const ContentFeatures &f)
 {
 	ParticleParameters p;
-	video::ITexture *texture;
+	video::ITexture *ref = nullptr;
 	v2f texpos, texsize;
 	video::SColor color;
 
-	if (!getNodeParticleParams(n, f, p, &texture, texpos, texsize, &color))
+	if (!getNodeParticleParams(n, f, p, &ref, texpos, texsize, &color))
 		return;
 
-	p.expirationtime = (rand() % 100) / 100.0f;
+	p.expirationtime = myrand_range(0, 100) / 100.0f;
 
 	// Physics
 	p.vel = v3f(
-		(rand() % 150) / 50.0f - 1.5f,
-		(rand() % 150) / 50.0f,
-		(rand() % 150) / 50.0f - 1.5f
+		myrand_range(-1.5f,1.5f),
+		myrand_range(0.f,3.f),
+		myrand_range(-1.5f,1.5f)
 	);
 	p.acc = v3f(
 		0.0f,
@@ -598,9 +881,9 @@ void ParticleManager::addNodeParticle(IGameDef *gamedef,
 		0.0f
 	);
 	p.pos = v3f(
-		(f32)pos.X + (rand() % 100) / 200.0f - 0.25f,
-		(f32)pos.Y + (rand() % 100) / 200.0f - 0.25f,
-		(f32)pos.Z + (rand() % 100) / 200.0f - 0.25f
+		(f32)pos.X + myrand_range(0.f, .5f) - .25f,
+		(f32)pos.Y + myrand_range(0.f, .5f) - .25f,
+		(f32)pos.Z + myrand_range(0.f, .5f) - .25f
 	);
 
 	Particle *toadd = new Particle(
@@ -608,7 +891,7 @@ void ParticleManager::addNodeParticle(IGameDef *gamedef,
 		player,
 		m_env,
 		p,
-		texture,
+		ClientTexRef(ref),
 		texpos,
 		texsize,
 		color);
@@ -616,6 +899,12 @@ void ParticleManager::addNodeParticle(IGameDef *gamedef,
 	addParticle(toadd);
 }
 
+void ParticleManager::reserveParticleSpace(size_t max_estimate)
+{
+	MutexAutoLock lock(m_particle_list_lock);
+	m_particles.reserve(m_particles.size() + max_estimate);
+}
+
 void ParticleManager::addParticle(Particle *toadd)
 {
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_particle_list_lock);
@@ -634,7 +923,6 @@ void ParticleManager::deleteParticleSpawner(u64 id)
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_spawner_list_lock);
 	auto it = m_particle_spawners.find(id);
 	if (it != m_particle_spawners.end()) {
-		delete it->second;
-		m_particle_spawners.erase(it);
+		it->second->setDying();
 	}
 }